This means something from the thermodynamics standpoint. Only gases and aqueous phase substances are included. It is a part of a system, uniform through out in chemical composition and physical properties, that is separated a uniform component part of the system that is separated from the other homogeneous parts e. Say we monitor n 2, and obtain a rate of dn 2 dt x mol dm3 s1. So, recently youve been looking at chemical equilibria.
This course emphasizes the application of thermodynamics to understand materials. Diffusion and phase equilibria spring 2020 lectures. Phase equilibria of pure substances atkins, chapter 5 phase transition. A phase boundary separates the regions and on these lines the phases coexis t in equilibrium i. Summary for chapter 8 phase equilibrium in flemings physical chemistry textmap. Note that the condition of equilibrium implies that there is a temperature and pressure condition where all these phases have to coexist, this is called the triple point. Use le chateliers principle to explain how a chemical reaction at equilibrium responds when a change is made to the concentration of reactant or. Ln10 phase some molecules will reenter the liquid phase and a situation will be established whereby the rate of evaporation will equal the rate of condensation.
The second one, unifac, is a group contribution method gcm but. Phase equilibria the equilibrium phase is always the one with the lowest free energy g h t s the driving force for a phase change is the minimization of free energy equilibrium state with minimum free energy under some specified combination of temperature, pressure, and composition e. Adobe acrobat is available on most computers or can be downloaded for free from adobe. Math 312 lecture notes linearization warren weckesser department of mathematics colgate university 23 march 2005 these notes discuss linearization, in which a linear system is used to approximate the behavior of a nonlinear system. A phase diagrams show what phases exist at equilibrium. What happens when substances change their chemical structure and interchange, and youve figured out how to calculate where equilibrium lies in the case of chemical reactions. We have both general chemistry notes and organic chemistry notes. When interpreting a phase diagram it is critical to note that the pressure that is important for the gas is the partial pressure of the substance you are looking at. The first module deals with phase diagrams charts that tell us how a material will behave given a certain set of variables such as temperature, pressure, and composition. Max concentration for which only a single phase solution occurs. Notes on phase equilibria 2016 cem2005w phase equilibria.
Given the equilibrium constant k eq for a reaction, predict whether the reactants or products are predominant. Lecture 1 masc 504 diffusion and phase equilibria masc 504. If they all intersect, called triple point, three phases in equilibrium. Pressure and scales are nonuniform, schematic only. Just as oil and water represent two distinct liquid phases, two regions of a solid with distinctly. For a phase transition, the two phases are in equilibrium. Chemistry notes download handwritten pdf chemistry notes. Phase equilibria and their applications article pdf available in the european physical journal special topics 2265. At equilibrium, the two phases will have the same free energy. Phase equilibria and phase diagrams phase diagrams are one of the most important sources of information concerning the behavior of elements, compounds and solutions. Phase diagrams in materials science and engineering 183,322 views. We will focus on twodimensional systems, but the techniques used here also work in n dimensions. The rate of cooling will change as the sample or some portion of it begins to undergo a phase change.
Chem 340 lecture notes 9 fall 20 phase equilibria chap. In fact, we will spend much of the rest of the course discussing aspects of this concept. Equilibria because the concentrations of liquids and solids are constant, they are left out of the equilibrium constant expression. Our notes are easytofollow, handwritten chemistry pdf notes that combine your book and chemistry notes into one, simple, easytounderstand format. Drude theory of metals university of california, irvine. Thus, it is best to think about the pressure in this graph. It consists of atoms of at least two different types where solute atoms. Binary liquid mixtures vapor pressure for an ideal binary mixture of two volatile liquids, a and b. Chapter 10 properties of gases chapter 11 liquids, solids and phase changes chapter 12 solutions and their properties chapter chemical kinetics chapter 14 chemical equilibrium chapter 15 aqueous equilibria. Chapter 8, acidbase equilibria road map of acidbase equilibria on first encounter, the study of acidbase equilibria is a little like a strange land with seemingly confusing trails that make passage difficult. Since for every mole of n 2 that reacts, we lose three moles of h 2, if we had monitored h 2 instead of n 2 we would have obtained a rate dh 2 dt 3x mol dm3 s1. A system is at equilibrium if at constant temperature. It will focus on thermodynamic modeling of phase diagrams. They provide us with the knowledge of phase composition and phase stability as.
Given a chemical equation, write the law of mass action. Thus, the maximum concentration of a species in an aqueous stream in contact with an organic stream can be estimated by these calculations. Cooling curves the method that is used to map the phase boundaries on a phase diagram is to measure the rate of cooling for a sample of known composition. Intermolecular forces, liquids, and solids lecture outline 11. The course seeks to teach students the application of thermodynamics on real problems, how to estimate where basic information is scarce and how to interpret thermodynamic information in the context of case studies. Mech 6661 thermodynamics of materials and phase equilibria. While this is a complex and challenging area, the use of computational tools has. Handouts of the lectures two slides per page can be obtained for perusal or printing out by clicking on the appropriate lecture below. The brouwer diagram and understanding complex equilibria between defects. Equilibrium phase diagrams represent the relationships between temperature and the compositions.
In fact, there is a road map that, once understood, allows. A phase diagrams is a type of graph used to show the equilibrium conditions between the thermodynamicallydistinct phases. Notes for chemical equilibrium thermodynamics chemical equilibrium understanding how to work problems for chemical equilibrium is one of the most important concepts in secondsemester chemistry. Physical properties of substances are understood in terms of kineticmolecular theory. Pdf lecture notes on thermodynamics carlos martinez.
Derivation of phase rule, brief concept on one and two component system, application of phase rule to three component systems of both solids. G ng m 2 ng m 1 ng m 2 g m 1 phase equilibria and phase diagrams phase diagrams are one of the most important sources of information concerning the behavior of elements, compounds and solutions. First law, entropy and free energy, phase equilibria, solutions and chemical equilibrium, electrochemistry, electrolyte solutions and kinetics. Phase equilibria, phase diagrams and phase transformations second edition thermodynamic principles are central to understanding material behaviour, particularly as the application of these concepts underpins phase equilibrium, transformation and state. Phase diagrams and phase equilibria this course picks up with an overview of basic thermodynamics and kinetics as they pertain to the processing of crystalline materials. Similarly, monitoring the concentration of nh 3 would yield a rate of 2x mol dm3 s1. Boiling point and freezing point of solutions dialysis and binding phenomena. Phase equilibria phase equilibria phase equilibrium describes the way phases such as solid, liquid andor gas coexist at some temperatures and pressure, but interchange at others. They are available in pdf format which can be accessed using adobe acrobat. They refer to the independent chemical species that comprise the system. A mixture of oil and water would also be a twophase system.
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